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Minimal dataset and codebook of school’s VA quartile ranking across time and domains.

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Illustration of high and low VA schools performing above and below what is expected of them from one measurement point to another.

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Graphical representation of the VA score intercorrelations across time and domains.

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Transition diagrams indicating changes in the schools’ value-added score ranking quartiles from 2017 to 2019.

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Overview of prior research on the stability of school value-added scores over time, their included variables, samples, and conclusions.

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Reliability coefficients for the achievement scores for the 2015–2017 and 2017–2019 data sets.

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Descriptive data of the two samples used in the present study.

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Correlation table of VA scores in different outcome domains (mathematics and language) over time.

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Number of observations per capita per province in the Netherlands.

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Sensitivity analyses (S5–S16 Figs repeated without below median reporting users, healthcare professionals and inhabitants of the province Zuid-Holland).