Urine S100 proteins as potential biomarkers of lupus nephritis activity

a prior study demonstrated S100A4 expression in 86% of detached urine podocytes detected in patients with diabetic nephropathy [28]. [...]biopsy specimens of patients with LN were found to have a higher number of S100A4-positive mononuclear cells than those of control subjects. [...]studies on S100A8/9 in glomerulonephritis suggest that increased S100A8/9 expression actually reflects a change in the immune cell phenotype versus a simple increase in the number of infiltrating immune cells within the kidney [29]. S100 proteins are components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) [33], and NET... Mehr ...