OBJECTIVE: To assess time trends in MND incidence, prevalence and mortality and investigate geographical clustering of MND cases in the Netherlands from 1998 to 2017, we analyzed data from the Netherlands Personal Records database, the Netherlands MND Center and the Netherlands Patient Association of Neuromuscular Diseases. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, Poisson regression was used to assess time trends in MND risk. We calculated age- and sex-standardized, observed and expected cases for 1,694 areas. Bayesian smoothed risk mapping was used to investigate geographical MND risk. RESULTS: We identified 7,992 MND cases, reflecting an incidence of 2.64 (95% CI 2.62-2.67) per 100,000 person-years and a prevalence of 9.5 (95% CI 9.1-10.0) per 100,000 persons. Highest age-standardized prevalence and mortality rates occurred at a later age in men than in women (p<0.001). Unadjusted mortality rates increased by 53.2% from 2.57 in 1998 to 3.86 per 100,000 person-years in 2017. After adjustment for age and sex, an increase in MND mortality rate of 14.1% (95% CI 5.7%-23.2%, p<0.001) remained. MND relative risk ranged from 0.78 to 1.43 between geographical areas; multiple urban and rural high-risk areas were identified. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant national increase in MND mortality from 1998 through 2017, only partly explained by an ageing Dutch population, and also a geographic variability in MND risk, suggesting a role for environmental or demographic risk factors.