Patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at substantial risk of atherothrombotic events. The COMPASS trial showed that patients with stable CAD or PAD experienced significant benefits after treatment with rivaroxaban in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) compared with ASA alone. This paper aims to provide insight into the clinical and economic consequences of treatment with rivaroxaban from a Dutch societal perspective. The clinical and economic implications of rivaroxaban in terms of number of events prevented, costs, incremental cost per life years gained (LYG), and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were determined based on a cost-effectiveness model for patients with stable CAD or PAD and in high-risk subgroups (i.e., patients with CAD and PAD, CAD and prior myocardial infarction and renal impairment, CAD, and heart failure) using results from the Cardiovascular OutcoMes for People using Anticoagulation StrategieS (COMPASS) ...