Abstract This study examines the management of the nocturnal environment in Belgium’s Walloon region from a social-ecological-technical system perspective, aiming to enhance sustainability in nightscapes. To identify critical challenges and action priorities, we employ Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal analysis. Our research offers insights into the macro-environmental factors that organisations should prioritise when envisioning sustainable lighting and dark sky protection. Based on the outcomes of the Walloon case study and the recent literature, we determine the priorities that lead to shaping action plans and the research challenges to ensure a smooth transition towards more sustainable nightscapes. Key challenges emerge: a lack of awareness of light pollution, both for the authorities and citizens; a longstanding relationship between safety and lighting, with fears echoed in political discourse; and the lack of consideration of light pollution in legal, political and environmental agendas. To address these challenges, enhanced policies could be tailored to local contexts and improved to mitigate light pollution. Findings support a multidimensional strategy integrating public action with awareness campaigns, encouraging sustainable practices in management of nocturnal environments.