We derived voltinism from wing wear. We classified the condition of wear of the upperwings in 12,425 butterflies according to four categories: (1) immaculate: fresh, or with at most one tiny scratch on the upper wings or one minor dent to the wing edges, (2) slightly worn: some scratches on the upper wing and/or small dents to the edges, (3) moderately worn: many scratches to the upper wing and/or dented edges, and (4) heavily worn: (parts with) colors faded and/or heavily dented edges. The categories were chosen to allow the distinction of recently emerged individuals in particular: there is “more wear” between categories 3 and 4 than between the first two. Persistent wear and abrasions with multiple impacts at several spots was given more weight in the classification than a single major incident that resulted in larger parts of the wing missing. Pictures were randomly sorted before being classified by a volunteer (JVK), who worked from a series of reference examples. ...