A survey of orangutans in Sabah, Borneo, which was carried out by the author and John Payne, resulted in an encouraging picture. In the primary forest of eastern Sabah alone, there are at least 4000 orangutans, but habitat destruction is fragmenting the population. Hunting is also common, especially in the central and western areas where orangutans are already scarce. Some orangutans are protected in conservation areas, but the future of the species outside these places depends on logging being carried out in a more conservation-oriented way. Among other things, we need to discover the size of primary-forest patches that need to be left in logged forest to support a viable population of orang-utans, which will be able to recolonize the logged forest as it regenerates.