AIMS: Patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are eligible for first-line immune checkpoint inhibition if their tumour is positive for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) determined by the combined positive score (CPS). This nationwide study, using real-world data, investigated the developing PD-L1 testing landscape in the first 3 years after introduction of the test in HNSCC and examined interlaboratory variation in PD-L1 positivity rates. METHODS: Pathology reports of HNSCC patients mentioning PD-L1 were extracted from the Dutch Pathology Registry (Palga). Tumour and PD-L1 testing characteristics were analysed per year and interlaboratory variation in PD-L1 positivity rates was assessed using funnel plots with 95% confidence limits around the overall mean. RESULTS: A total of 817 PD-L1 tests were reported in 702 patients among 19 laboratories; 85.2% of the tests on histological material were stated to be positive. The national PD-L1 positivity rate differed significantly per year during the study period (79.7-89.9%). The use of the recommended 22C3 antibody increased from 59.9 to 74.3%. A total of 673 PD-L1 tests on histological material from 12 laboratories were analysed to investigate interlaboratory variation. Four (33%) deviated significantly from the national mean of PD-L1-positive cases using CPS ≥ 1 cut-off, while two (17%) deviated significantly for CPS ≥ 20 cut-off. CONCLUSION: In the first 3 years of PD-L1 assessment in HNSCC, the testing landscape became more uniform. However, interlaboratory variation in PD-L1 positivity rates between Dutch laboratories was substantial. This implies that there is a need for further test standardisation to reduce this variation.