Noncash Income, Living Standards, Inequality and Poverty: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study ...

Noncash income is defined in this paper to include the net value to individuals and families of education, health and housing benefits provided to them on a subsidised basis. These benefits may be provided by government, by employers or - in the case of imputed rental income on owner-occupied housing - by the household itself. This study estimates the value of these noncash benefits for seven countries (including Australia) using identical methods, and as far as practical, the same data sources. The estimates are then added to comparative measures of cash income produced as part of the Luxembo... Mehr ...