Based on a literature survey and the identification of all available collection material from Flanders, a checklist is presented, distribution maps are plotted and the relationship between the occurrence of the different species and water characteristics is analysed. Of the sixteen stonefly species that have been recorded, three are now extinct in Flanders (Isogenus nubecida, Taeniopteryx nebulosa and T. schoenemundi), while the remaining species are rare. The occurence of stoneflies is almost restricted to small brooks, while observations in larger watercourses are almost lacking. Although a few records may indicate that some larger watercourses have recently been recolonised, these observations consisted of single specimens and might be due to drift. Most stonefly population are strongly isolated and therefore extremely vulnerable. Small brooks in the Campine region (northeast Flanders), which are characterised by a lower pH and a lower conductivity, contained a different stonefly community than the small brooks in the rest of Flanders. Leuctra pseudosignifera, Nemoura marginata and Protonemura intricata are mainly found in small brooks in the loamy region, Amphinemura staandfussi, Isoperla grammatica, Leuctra fusca, L.hippopus, N. avicularis and P. meyeri mainly occur in small Campine brooks, while L. nigra, N. cinerea and Nemurella pictetii can be found in both types. Nemoura dubitans can typically be found in stagnant water fed with freatic water. Sustainable populations of these stonefly species can only be achieved when their present habitats are adequately protected and in addition, measures should be taken to connect and enlarge the remaining populations.