Provision of regulating - and reserve power by electric vehicle owners in the Dutch market

Recent years have shown a large increase in electric vehicles (EVs), which could make a significant contribution meeting European, national and municipal energy- and climate goals. However, most EVs are not used for about 90% of the time, which makes their batteries available for other purposes. One of these purposes could be the provision of Regulating- and Reserve Power (RRP) to the transmission system operator, a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept. The aim of this paper is to determine the potential value that EVs could generate by providing RRP and identify EV user impacts on the provision of R... Mehr ...