Purpose: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are relatively rare, but severe complications. Although many advances were made in recent years, the recognition and management remain subject of debate. The aim of this study was to determine the current state of awareness, knowledge and use of evidence-based medicine regarding IAH and ACS among Dutch surgeons. Methods: A literature-based and expert consensus survey was developed. One surgeon in every hospital in The Netherlands was asked to complete the online questionnaire. Results: Sixty of 87 (69 %) invited surgeons completed the questionnaire. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured using intra-vesical methods by 55 (98 %) respondents. Diuretics (N = 38; 63 %) and laparotomy (N = 33; 55 %) were considered useful treatments for IAH or prevention of ACS by a majority. Only 16 (27 %) respondents used these guidelines in daily practice, and 37 (62 %) respondents are willing to do so. Although 35 (58 %) surgeons agreed that IAH is only a symptom, not requiring treatment. Forty-one percent of experienced respondents suggested that prevalence of ACS remained unchanged. Nearly all respondents (N = 59; 98 %) believed that open abdomen management improves patient outcomes, many (N = 46; 77 %) confirm the high complications rate of this treatment. Conclusion: The definitions of IAH and ACS and the related diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are relatively well known by Dutch surgeons. Despite limited use of the evidence-based guid