By using critical race theory as a framework and methodology, this project explores racism in Dutch educational contexts in the years 1968-2017 by analyzing the relationship between (1) depictions of Black history and Black people in history secondary school textbooks (content and visuals), (2) teachers’ racial ideologies, and (3) the self-perceived racial identities of Black students. The first part of the thesis qualitatively explores racialized narratives in Dutch textbooks through eight representative depictions of Black people, from a sample containing 200 textbooks. Racialization is displayed through two types of visual narrative structures: a) “racialization through otherness”, using one-sided stereotypical identities and racial hierarchy and b) “racialization through sameness”, maintained through color-blind frames, racialized narratives and minimization of race talk. Next, all depictions of Black people identified in Dutch history textbooks selected (1064 images and 1518 text fragments), are quantitatively analyzed. Based on multiple correspondence analysis, four clusters were found and named ‘anti-racist’, ‘non-racist’, ‘color-blind’, and ‘racially essentialist’. The findings show that ‘color-blind’ and ‘non-racist’ depictions are most salient, and that ‘racially essentialist’ and ‘anti-racist’ depictions are less present. However, ‘racially essentialist’ depictions in text and image have clearly increased in the period between 1968-2017, while ‘anti-racist’ depictions have remained relatively stable over the years. Furthermore, most images of Black people are categorized as ‘racially essentialist’ and very few are categorized as ‘anti-racist’. The second part of the thesis is based on 63 semi-structured oral history interviews (28 held with (former) teachers and 35 held with former students). Three discourses (similar to the textbook depictions) were identified, which reflect respondents’ ideologies: color-blind discourse, racially essentialist discourse, and anti-racist discourse. White (former) ...