The 17th century was a time of intense change and for some historians was a period of crisis, which contributed to the formation of modern European states and their colonies. In this context, the Dutch-Portuguese Wars (1630-1654) occurred in the Brazilian territory, were one of the several European conflicts that swept the world at that time, being these results of old disagreements between the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands against the Spanish Empire. By such a condition that between the years 1580-1640, Portugal and its colonies were part of the Spanish empire because of the political alliance of the Iberian Union, the Portuguese and Brazilians inherited the war between Dutch and Spanish. Such a condition led to the conflicts of the War of Flanders for Brazil. The present article sought to investigate the context of the Dutch-Portuguese Wars, starting from the analysis of a primary source dating from the 17th century, written by Ambrose Richshoffer, a young German who at the age of 17 enlisted in the Dutch West India Company (West Indische-Compaigne - WIC), where he began to serve as a soldier for two years in Brazil, and recorded his journey in a trip diary. For this specific study, we opted to analyze Richshoffer's report in his military campaign in the Captaincy of Paraíba, at the time, the second largest producer of sugar in the Northeast region of Brazil. The WIC's interest in Paraíba started from the expectation of seizing its twenty sugarcane mills, and interrupting the sending of reinforcements and resources that were sent to Pernambuco, where the Dutch army and the main Portuguese-Brazilian resistance forces were concentrated. Thus, starting from the method of microhistory, we analyze Ambrósio Richshoffer's report, trying to understand the events surrounding the first attack on the Captaincy of Paraíba (1631), in the context of the Portuguese–Dutch wars. ; O século XVII foi uma época de mudanças intensas e para alguns historiadores tenha sido um período de crises, o qual contribuiu na ...