"We are bent, not broken by the waves": Clandestine Devotion and Community Perseverance in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Catholic Visual Culture

In the Northern Netherlands, despite its interfaith diversity, toleration was tantamount to an unstable coexistence that limited the rights of subordinate faiths. After the Alteration in 1578 prohibited Dutch Catholics from publicly displaying their faith, holding public office, and dispossessed of all church property by Protestant civil authorities. My dissertation argues that, in these conditions, Catholics mobilized visual culture to create a permanent record of their distinctive shared experience of subordination, producing a collective culture of resistance that undermined Reformed hegemo... Mehr ...