Abstract Objectives This cross‐sectional study examines first whether emergency physicians differ from a comparison group of surgeons, more specifically general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons, in terms of job and organizational characteristics and second to what extent these characteristics are determinants of professional well‐being outcomes in emergency physicians. Methods Belgian emergency physicians (n = 346) were invited to participate in this study. Forty‐three percent of the eligible participants completed a questionnaire. The survey instrument contained 48 questions on determinants (personal characteristics, job conditions [Job Demand Control Support], organizational and environmental work conditions) as well as 39 questions on outcomes (job satisfaction, turnover intention, subjective fatigue, psychological distress, work–home interference, work engagement) by means of the Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire for Medical Doctors, the Checklist Individual Strength, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine the association between the determinants and each of the outcomes. Results Emergency physicians reported higher job demands, lower job control, and less adequate work conditions compared with the group of surgeons. High job demands increased turnover intention, subjective fatigue, psychological distress, work–home interference in emergency physicians, but lack of job control, lack of social support from the supervisor, and inadequate communication also contributed in an unfavorable way to some of these outcomes. Conclusion Emergency medicine departments must reduce the constant exposure to high job demands by allowing emergency physicians to have enough time for both physical and mental recovery. Work motivation and work conditions might be improved by increasing job control over job demands by giving emergency physicians more decision latitude and autonomy, improving good communication and teamwork and adequate ...