The effect of needle and syringe program and opioid agonist therapy on the risk of HIV, hepatitis B and C virus infection for people who inject drugs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands:findings from an emulated target trial

Background and aims Major declines in HIV and hepatitis C and B virus (HCV/HBV) incidence among people who inject drugs (PWID) have been attributed to early implementation of harm‐reduction programs (HRP) in the Netherlands but alternative factors such as selective mortality and demographic and drug markets shifts over time likely contributed to observed incidence declines. We quantified and tested the effect of HRP participation on risk of these infections among PWID in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Design We emulated the design of a hypothetical, ideal randomized trial using observational data... Mehr ...