The general objective of this thesis was to present an economic analysis of wildlife conservation in Dutch crop farming. This general objective was broken down into 5 specific research objectives around which the research was organised: (1) selection and definition of appropriate indicators for wildlife in agriculture, specifically applicable at farm level, (2) definition of a wildlife production function, (3) definition of the optimal strategy for incorporating wildlife conservation measures on the farm from the economic viewpoint, (4) analysis of farmer participation in wildlife conservation programs and farmers' Willingness to Accept and (5) exploring the opportunities for a regional approach for wildlife conservation in agriculture. To achieve these objectives ecological, agronomic and (socio)-economic knowledge was used in a coherent combination of methods derived from econometrics, operations research, behavioural economics and network analysis. Random effects modelling was used to estimate wildlife production functions and estimates from this procedure were used together with agronomic and economic information in farm optimisation modelling to normatively study decision making towards wildlife management at the farm level. Decision making was also studied in a positive way by analysing factors that determine farmers' participation in wildlife programs and willingness to accept. Finally a pilot study was done to explore the possibilities of a regional network approach incorporating both normative and positive elements.