Pardaleodes bule Holland, 1896 The distribution of this species is restricted to Central Africa from Cameroons (type locality) to western Kenya (Holland 1896, Evans 1937). It can be found occasionally in Kakamega Forest, and perhaps other western forests of Kenya. Adult behaviour Adults rest on vegetation, usually with their wings closed, but sometimes sunbathing with the hind wings three quarters open, and the fore wings only slightly open (Figure 12.1). They come readily to flowers such as Justicia flava (Figure 12.2). Food plants In Kakamega Forest, western Kenya, MJWC has found caterpillars or pupae on Setaria megaphylla several times, and once on S. sulcata (= poiretiana ). Plants of S. megaphylla which were used were growing beside a narrow track and at the edge of a small clearing in fairly open forest near the Forest Rest House. The caterpillar on S. sulcata was found in a more open position beside a road, but this may not be the norm since MJWC only found a caterpillar in this situation once. Leaf shelters The shelters are made by rolling an individual leaf downwards from the edges to make a tube. Two types have been observed. In one, the distal part of the leaf is missing and the penultimate instar caterpillar (91/66) rests in the upward directed basal part of the leaf (Figure 13.1) In the other, cuts from each margin to the midrib allow the distal part of the leaf to droop containing the final instar caterpillar (91/45A, Figure 13.2). In both cases, feeding is distal to the shelter. Insufficient material has been examined to be confident, but we suggest that the first represents the normal leaf shelter, whereas the second represents the preparation of a pupal shelter. Caterpillar Penultimate and final instar caterpillars have been collected. Penultimate instar shortly before moult (91/66, Figure 14) 16mm; head 1.8 x 2.0mm wide x high (n=2); oval, but wider towards base; indent at vertex; shiny, rugose, uniformly light brown; body translucent dark green; dorsal line darker; anal plate rounded with ...