Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the two leading causes of death worldwide. Given their high prevalence, it is important to understand the disease burden of cancer mortality in CVD patients. Objective We aimed to evaluate whether patients with incident CVD have a higher risk of malignancy‐related mortality, compared to the general population without CVD. Methods We performed a national population‐based cohort study selecting patients with incident CVD in the Netherlands between 01 April 2000 and 31 December 2005. A reference cohort was selected from the Dutch population using age, sex and ethnicity. Mortality follow‐up data were evaluated after data linkage of national registries from Statistics Netherlands until 31 December 2020. Results A total of 2,240,879 individuals were selected with a mean follow‐up of 12 years (range 0.4–21.0), of which 738,666 patients with incident CVD with a mean age of 71 ± 15 years. Malignancy mortality per 1000 person years was 84 for the reference group and 118 for patients with CVD, with the highest rate of 258 in patients with heart failure. Patients with CVD had a higher malignancy mortality risk, compared to the reference group: HR 1.35 (95%CI 1.33–1.36). Highest risks were observed in patients with venous diseases (HR 2.27, 95%CI 2.17–2.36) and peripheral artery disease (HR 1.87, 95%CI 1.84–2.01). Conclusion Results show that CVD predisposes to a higher cancer mortality rate. Of all CVD subtypes, HF patients have the highest cancer mortality rate and the hazards were highest in patients with venous diseases and peripheral artery disease.