International audience ; Cyber-operations have altered the nature of war and the applicability of international law to this new form of conflict has been widely debated; however, no clear consensus in this regard has been reached. Challenges that contribute to the uncertainty of international law's applicability to cyber-operations include the difficulty of attribution of cyber-attacks, and translating state sovereignty into Cyber-space. Academic and advocacy groups have provided publications with proposals for international law and cyber-operations; however, these documents are non-binding. In 2019, both France and the Netherlands released their official perspectives on international law and cyber-operations. This paper compares and assesses these two national documents using the NVivo software to conduct qualitative document analysis. The analysis highlights challenges in applying international law to cyber-operations, and illustrates the similarities and contradictions in the national perspectives as compared to each other and the guidelines set out by previous authoritative documents.