Associations between ambient, personal, and indoor exposure to fine particulate matter constituents in Dutch and Finnish panels of cardiovascular patients

Aims: To assess the relation between ambient, indoor, and personal levels of PM 2.5 and its elemental composition for elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease. Methods: In the framework of a European Union funded study, panel studies were conducted in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Helsinki, Finland. Outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations were measured at a fixed site. Each subject’s indoor and personal PM 2.5 exposure was measured biweekly for six months, during the 24 hour period preceding intensive health measurements. The absorbance of PM 2.5 filters was measured as a marker for diesel exhaust.... Mehr ...