There is an increasing need for in-depth theoretical and applied studies of the essence, structure and features of the formation of the exchange rate, the development of the mechanism of currency regulation in the Russian Federation, determining the degree of state regulation of currency relations, including due to the introduction of currency restrictions, clarifying the main criteria for the effectiveness of their application, as well as developing directions for improving the mechanism of currency regulation in the conditions of post-crisis economic development. The main purpose of this article was to consider the peculiarities of the formation of the exchange rate in a resource-oriented economy, which includes the Russian economy. The article uses general scientific methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as a systematic approach to the study of information. The value of the exchange rate for the economy is indicated. The main indicators of exchange rates and the main groups of factors affecting the exchange rate of the national currency are described.