This is a comparative country report on Germany and the Netherlands for the DEFEN-CE project: Social Dialogue in Defence of Vulnerable Groups in Post-COVID-19 Labour Markets. DEFEN-CE is a research project funded by the Directorate-General for Employment, the European Commission (Grant number: VS/2021/0196). The project investigates the experiences of various stakeholders in the design and implementation of Covid-19-related policies relevant to work and employment in EU member states (Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechia, Slovakia, Italy and Spain) and two candidate countries, Serbia and Turkey. The aim of the project is to identify the role of social dialogue in facilitating policy implementation that addresses the labour market situation of vulnerable groups in the post-Covid-19 labour markets.Outline of the main questions/themes that the report addresses: 1.What public policy and social dialogue measures targeting the selected vulnerable groups were implemented for employment and social protection during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020–2022? 2.To what extent and how did social dialogue play a role in the implementation of the social and employment rights of selected vulnerable groups during the Covid-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2022? 3.What lessons and opportunities does the Covid-19 pandemic yield for strengthening social dialogue in the countries studied?Methods used: DEFEN-CE Database, international databases (Eurofound, ICTWSS), national and international policy documents, academic literature. Interviews with stakeholders