The cities and towns of the Dutch Republic were established fairly late in comparison to many other urban centres in Europe: starting around the mid-twelfth century with Dordrecht and followed in the thirteenth and fourteenth century by most other cities and towns. One or two officials were assigned to supervise the construction, condition and maintenance, as to control the finances of the municipal works. Major public works in this period included both buildings for trade and government, such as meat markets, weigh-houses, town halls and urban expansions in the fourteenth, and especially in the late sixteenth century. At the same time it took constant effort to maintain a city’s fortification, harbour, canals, locks, sluices, bridges, streets and existing municipal buildings. In the earliest stages until the sixteenth century, citizens and other city-dwellers were responsible for the maintenance of urban space: the maintenance of almost all streets, canals, quaysides and bridges was performed or financed by local residents, or was the task of the urban district in question. The laying-out, construction, building and maintenance of the fortification (town-walls, moats and gates), the town hall and city planning were the responsibility of the municipality. Late sixteenth, early seventeenth century, as a result of prosperity and urban expansions and the accompanying increase in both temporary and structural public works, many of the Dutch towns began to organize the execution and maintenance of their public works in a more technically skilled manner. The expansion of public works made a town like Groningen decide to contract out all their public works. Although other cities in the Republic also contracted out municipal works projects, they preferred to manage most such projects themselves. This meant setting up a small or large organization: the municipal building company. Amsterdam went furthest in this regard, partly to its great prosperity and two major expansions of the city. Around 1660 Amsterdam’s municipal ...