Electrical Impedance Methods for Developing a Lyophilization Cycle. Podium presentation at ISL-FD 9th International Conference 2-6th September, 2019, Ghent, Belgium

Cite as: Smith, G. (2019) Electrical Impedance Methods for Developing a Lyophilization Cycle. Podium presentation at ISL-FD 9th International Conference 2-6 September, 2019, Ghent, Belgium The talk will describe the application of through-vial impedance spectroscopy in the determination of in-vial phase behaviour during freezing and annealing. Contents • Through-Vial Impedance Spectroscopy – An Introduction • Dielectric loss mechanisms in frozen solutions • Measurement frequency selection for different facets of the freezing process (ice nucleation to solidification end point) • Determination... Mehr ...