When do parties reform? Causes of programmatic‑, organizational‑ and personnel party reforms in the Belgian mainstream parties

Many West-European parties have responded to a changing and challenging environment by adopting multiple party reforms. In this article, we propose a comparative framework to study party reforms based on an adaptation of Harmel and Janda’s (1994) Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change and its application to three diferent features of party action. We argue that the causes leading to reforms are multiple and difer according to the nature of these diferent features (i.e. programmatic-, personnel- and organization feature). FsQCA analyses show that the three types of reforms implemente... Mehr ...