peer reviewed ; We first present the Belgian-Romance linguistic situation (1), and then propose an overview of the four centers in which neologisms appear in Wallonia. In the two first instances, which we call in vivo, neologisms are created by Walloon speakers and message writers. In the two last ones, which we call in vitro, the words are elaborated by the "refondeurs" of Walloon or created during subsidized contests dedicated to neologisms. In this overview, we describe these instances externally (general presentation, organization, media.) and internally (principles of lexical creation at work, etc.) (2). Finally, we examine the links between neology, survival of dialects and standardization. In a context of disappearance of dialects and in a perspective of preservation of these, neology drives us to think about standardization and the ideological and practical questions underlying it (3).