Self-Efficacy and Critical Thinking of Future Teachers ; Self-Efficacy and Critical Thinking of Future Teachers: Elements of a Research conducted in Wallonia, France, and Quebec

International audience ; Only 8.7% of students in OECD countries scored at level 5 or 6 on the PISA reading test, which includes the ability to distinguish facts and opinions (OCDE, 2019c). In Canada, approximately 15% of students were classified at this level 5 or 6 (OCDE, 2019a) compared to 9.2% in France (OCDE, 2019b) and 6.7% in the Wallonia-Brussels Federation (Lafontaine et al., 2019). Beyond PISA tests, many studies have looked at students’ proficiency levels in information technology, media, or digital literacy, using conceptual frameworks related to a diversity of “literacies.” The ov... Mehr ...