Abstract Background Knowledge on prevalence, comorbidities and consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is mandatory to estimate the potential of cardiovascular risk management on a population level. We studied the prevalence of CKD with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and/or heart failure and its cardiorenal complications in The Netherlands. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study was performed, using data from the Dutch PHARMO Data Network. Prevalence of CKD at a single time point was determined by a recorded diagnosis or by ≥ 2 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) that define CKD. A representative group of adults with CKD was included in a longitudinal analysis to study cardiorenal complications. Those were followed until first complication, end of study or death, whichever occurred first. Results The prevalence of CKD was 8.9% in a representative population of 2,187,962 adult Dutch individuals. The average age of persons with CKD was 72 years, 57% were female, 19.9% had T2D, 7.7% heart failure, and 3.0% both T2D and heart failure. In the longitudinal analysis, cerebrovascular events (11/1,000 person-years), hospitalizations for heart failure (10/1,000 person-years), myocardial infarction (5.5/1,000 person-years), and hospitalization for CKD (6.2/1,000 person-years) were the most common first cardiorenal complications. People with CKD with T2D and/or heart failure generally had higher rates of cardiovascular or renal complications or mortality than people with CKD without these comorbidities. Conclusion The prevalence of CKD in The Netherlands is 8.9%. People with T2D or heart failure, or both, in addition to CKD, had numerically higher mortality and cardiorenal complication rates than people without these comorbidities. Optimizing up-to-date cardiovascular risk management in these high-risk individuals may provide health benefits.