3s1: Cost and benefits of options to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses at different ambition levels in the Netherlands

nputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have largely increased crop production, but also elevated losses of N and P from the whole food chain. In every step of the food supply chain, from the production of N and P fertilizer towards the N and P intake by humans, there are losses of N and P to air and water, caused by fertilizer and manure application in the field, from manure management systems, via food wastes and during sewage treatment. These losses negatively affect biodiversity and human health and contribute to climate change.