Biological assessment of effects of combined sewer overflows and storm water discharges.

The biological effects of discharges from combined or separated sewer systems are difficult to assess or to predict due to variahilities in concentrations, environmental conditions, morphometry, susceptibility of organisms, seasonality and other factors. A general discussion of the problem results in an outline of two approaches. The first approach is to generalize field experiences and some examples of results are presented and explained. Notably site-specific conditions are shown to overshadow effects of discharges for many of the biological components in the ecosystem. The secend approach i... Mehr ...