Meadowbird populations in The Netherlands are under great pressure. Recently, predation is named increasingly often as one of the key factors in contributing to the declines. A four-year research project (2001-2005) aimed to collect (as yet mostly nonexisting) data to provide a factual basis for this discussion. A country-wide inventory based on data for wader nests found by volunteers who mark nests for their protection from grazing/mowing indicated that above-average predation losses are found predominantly in the half-open landscapes of northern and eastern Netherlands, but also locally in the low-lying open grasslands which are the key areas for meadowbirds. Nest predation has increased in recent years, but the same is true for agricultural losses, at least in areas where no nest-protection takes place. At a local scale, predation losses vary greatly from area to area and from year to year. Temperature loggers in nest showed that diurnal and nocturnal predators contribute equally in total predation losses up to 50%, but higher predation losses are mainly caused by nocturnal predators. As many as 10 animal species were identified as nest predators on nests under surveillance with video cameras. Chick survival, investigated using radiotelemetry, was very low. About 60-80% were lost by predation, 5-15% by agricultural activities and 10-15% to all kind of other losses. At least 15 predator species were implied, with an apparently larger share taken by birds (notably Buzzard (16%) and Grey Heron (7-18%)) than mammals, with one exception: stoat (16%). Of the most-discussed predator species, Carrion Crows were W. Teunissen et al. Osnabrücker Naturwiss. Mitt. 32 2006 138 remarkably rarely involved in both nest and chick predation, while Red Foxes take a large toll of clutches in some areas, but not in others. Of all losses during the reproductive cycle about 75% and 60% was due to predation in Lapwing and Black-tailed Godwit respectively. Predation on chicks by birds had the largest effect on total breeding success, ...