Aims: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) has increased over the past years due to aging of the population, and healthcare costs associated with AF reflect a significant financial burden. The aim of this study was to explore predictors for the real-world AF-related in-hospital costs in patients that recently initiated anticoagulation with acenocoumarol or dabigatran.Methods: Predictors for claimed total hospital care costs and cardiology costs in AF patients were explored by using hospital financial claims data from propensity score matched patient groups in a large Dutch community hospital. This study analyzed the total dataset (n=766) and carried out a secondary analysis for all matched pairs of anticoagulation naive AF patients (n=590) by ordinal regression.Results: Dabigatran was a predictor for significantly lower cardiology and total hospital care costs (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.33-0.57; and OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.46-0.79, respectively). Female gender was a predictor for lower total hospital care costs. Predictors for an increase in total hospital care costs were the occurrence of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and minor bleeding. The costs predictors were comparable when limiting the analysis to patients that were anticoagulation naive. Age and CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc were not predictors for either cardiology or total hospital care costs in both analyses.Conclusion: Dabigatran treatment was as a predictor for lower cardiology costs and lower total hospital care costs in AF patients that initiated oral anticoagulation.