Defence date: 11 June 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Martin Kohli, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute; Professor Ariana Need, University of Twente; Professor Bernhard Ebbinghaus, University of Mannheim. ; After pervading Western Europe for more than twenty years, early retirement trends reversed in the mid-1990's when activation policies re-converted existing incentives to extend working life (EWL). This study investigates the institutional conditions explaining the cross-national variation of activation policies' outcomes in the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy between the mid-1990's and 2009. Revoking existing benefits for diffused and uncertain advantages, these policies faced harsh opposition from the coalitions (labour and capital organizations) interested in keeping the costs of early exit externalized for their members (older workers and their employers). In this study the central research question is: to what extent has the effectiveness of activation policies been affected by the organizational articulation of the externalization coalitions? The articulation of these coalitions is framed according to the affinities coupling protection, production and partnership institutions. From an actor-centered perspective, the EWL re-conversion is depicted as a sequential game. Under irresistible environmental pressure, the state first interact with social partners to retrench welfare incentives and then to encourage HRM strategies to retain older workers. The higher is the organizational articulation of labour and capital, the more interactions tend to be framed in social governance modes that, discouraging opportunistic actions, convey the EWL reconversion from the strategy of the state into the companies' HRM. In these cooperative modes social partners are thus expected to not hinder but to support the adoption of retrenchment and retaining policies. Being the articulation the highest in the Netherlands, lower in Germany and the lowest in ...