Indonesian diplomacy a documentary study of Atjehnese foreign policy in the reign of Sultan Mahmud, 1870-4

The sultanate of Atjeh, in northern Sumatra, was in some ways the archetype of a Malay state. It was the only major Muslim state to avoid falling under Dutch hegemony in the seventeenth century, and to retain a fully-recognised independent status until as late as 1874. For most of this period it was the major channel by which Islamic influences flowed from Western Asia to . It was, therefore, an important model for other states of the region.