Abstract Background This study compares a comprehensive range of psychosocial outcomes of adult childhood cancer survivors (CCS) to general population‐based references and identifies sociodemographic and medical risk factors. Methods CCS from the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (DCCSS)‐LATER cohort (diagnosed 1963–2001) part 2 (attained age ≥18 years, diagnosed <18 years, ≥5 years since diagnosis) completed the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Distress Thermometer, Self‐Rating Scale for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the Short Form‐36 (Health Related Quality of Life). CCS’ scores were compared with references using analysis of variances and logistic regression analysis, controlling for age and sex ( p < .05). Risk factors for worse psychosocial outcomes were assessed with regression analyses ( p < .05). Results CCS, N = 1797, mean age 35.4 years, 49.0% female, all ≥15 years since diagnosis, participated. Three percent reported posttraumatic stress disorder because of childhood cancer and 36.6% experienced clinical distress. CCS did not differ from references on self‐esteem and anxiety but were less depressed (d = −.25), and scored poorer on all health‐related quality of life scales, except for bodily pain (.01 ≤ d ≥ −.36). Female sex, lower educational attainment, not being in a relationship, and being unemployed were negatively associated with almost all psychosocial outcomes. Except for a central nervous system tumor diagnosis, few medical characteristics were associated with psychosocial outcomes. Conclusion CCS appear resilient regarding mental health but have slightly poorer health‐related quality of life than references. Sociodemographic characteristics and central nervous system tumors were related to most psychosocial outcomes, but no clear pattern was observed for other medical factors. Future studies should address additional factors in explaining CCS’ psychosocial functioning, such as coping, social support, and physical late effects.