This thesis describes and analyses quality assurance systems (QASs) in the Dutch recycling industry. Each of five case studies explains how EPR legislation is operationalized for specific product groups. The organization of the QAS is explained by describing the criteria for certification and the procedure that leads to certification. All QASs are assessed on their functioning in terms of how they work towards higher value retention options by increasing the level of cascading, and by assessing the implementation of corporate sustainability including the incentive to improve business practices continuously. Besides, the auditing processes are evaluated on whether they work towards recognized audit principles for good auditing. The companies in the recycling industry are given space to describe their experiences with the QASs as well. The conclusion is that the QASs in the Dutch EPR regulated recycling industry are not working towards higher value retention options and that changes must be made to organize this. Three recommendations are given. The first is to reward eco-efficiency. More must be done to push reuse of products and materials. The second recommendation pledges for a radical change of the tax system to incentivize recycling and the use of secondary materials. Lastly, the QASs must demand environmental management systems to the certified companies to adapt to the current market situation and to ensure companies of continuous improvement.