Abstract Purpose To investigate the 30-day survival rate of resuscitative and emergency thoracotomies in trauma patients. Moreover, factors that positively influence 30-day survival rates were investigated. Methods A retrospective study of patients (> 16 years), between 2008 and 2020, who underwent a resuscitative or emergency thoracotomy at a level-one trauma center in the Netherlands was conducted. Results Fifty-six patients underwent a resuscitative ( n = 45, 80%) or emergency ( n = 11, 20%) thoracotomy. The overall 30-day survival rate was 32% ( n = 18), which was 23% after blunt trauma and 72% after penetrating trauma, and which was 18% for the resuscitative thoracotomy and 91% for the emergency thoracotomy. The patients who survived had full neurologic recovery. Factors associated with survival were penetrating trauma ( p < 0.001), (any) sign of life (SOL) upon presentation to the hospital ( p = 0.005), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 15 ( p < 0.001) and a thoracotomy in the operating room (OR) ( p = 0.018). Every resuscitative thoracotomy after blunt trauma and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or asystole in the pre-hospital phase was futile (0 survivors out of 11 patients), of those patients seven (64%) had concomitant severe neuro-trauma. Conclusion This study found a 30-day survival rate of 32% for resuscitative and emergency thoracotomies, all with good neurological recovery. Factors associated with survival were related to the trauma mechanism, the thoracotomy indication and response to resuscitation prior to thoracotomy (for instance, if resuscitation enables enough time for safe transport to the operating room, survival chances increase). Resuscitative thoracotomies after blunt trauma in combination with loss of SOL before arrival at the emergency room were in all cases futile, interestingly in nearly all cases due to concomitant neuro-trauma.