Illustration of delay cascading mechanism in the Dutch railways.

Panels (a)-(c) : Routes in the Dutch railways of (a) the train service 3028 from Nijmegen to Alkmaar via Amsterdam, (b) a rolling stock unit used in part of this service and (c) a crew member (partly) executing this service. The schedules for 3 December 2017 are used, a day selected randomly from the dataset. Dark brown lines mark the route they share between Nijmegen and Alkmaar, after which they go their separate ways—marked in light brown lines and yellow arrows. While the service continues along its service route in panel (a) towards Den Helder, the rolling stock unit is coupled in Alkmaar... Mehr ...