Rail commuting to workplaces in Belgium : a multilevel approach

In their continuous battle against congestion and pollution, governments nowadays promote rail as an environmentally friendly Single Occupant Vehicle (SOV) alternative. For comparison, the energy consumption per person kilometre for rail is 0.14 kWh/pkm while that for a car is 0.48 kWh/pkm (Boussauw and Witlox 2009), and electric trains have no direct emissions of air pollutants like PM 10 and NO x. Modal shift policies often target the daily commute since home to work travel is concentrated in the congested peak hours and commuters' travel behaviour is more regular. This regular character see... Mehr ...