Abstract Belgium has a rich, but largely forgotten, emigration history. In July 2018, 471,401 Belgians were registered as living abroad. Yet, little academic attention has been given to this population and to the types of relations that the Belgium state maintains with it. This chapter aims to fill this gap by focusing on the policies developed in Belgium to provide forms of social protection to its citizens abroad. Based on the analyses of online and offline institutional documentation, applicable legislation, parliamentary documentation and specialized publications, the chapter describes the specificity of the Belgian involvement in the protection of its population living abroad. It is argued that the diaspora infrastructure of Belgium is largely characterized by a lack of specialized institutions at the federal level and by the relatively important role of Belgian subnational communities in organizing the relations with the Belgian population abroad. Regarding diaspora’s social protection, the chapter discusses the specificities of the Belgian policies and, in particular, the system of “Overseas Social Security” which takes its roots in the country’s colonial past.