Soil acidification and imbalanced nutrient availability in Scots pine forest soils in the Netherlands : causes, extent and control

IntroductionSince the 1950s, in the Netherlands and several other western European countries an intensified livestock production system has developed. As a consequence, the quantities of NH x (NH 3 and NH4+) emitted into the atmosphere have increased. However, atmospheric NH x is eventually returned to the soil surface, which occurs through dry and wet deposition. In forests, dry deposition on leaf surfaces is enhanced by several processes, resulting in average deposited amounts of 30 kg NH 4 -N ha -1year -1. In addition, annually 10 kg NO 3 -N ha -1is deposited. Possible negative effects of i... Mehr ...